With continued low inventory levels and higher demand from buyers, the April median price in the Silicon Valley real estate market jumped to their highest level since 2007 to $800,000 for a single family residence -- up 24% from the same month a year ago.
Similarly, the median price in April for condos and townhouses in Santa Clara County was $510,000, compared to $349,000 the same month a year ago which was a phenomenal 46% change.
For San Mateo County, the San Mateo real estate trends showed the April median price at $956,000, compared to $760,000, last year or a 25.8% increase.
As you know, a median price figure is the middle transaction so this statistical calculation won't necessarily translate into an across the board increase for each and every home. What it does indicate is a strong market pressure and an upward trend for the Silicon Valley real estate market.
The frequency of the sale prices exceeding list prices is 73% in Santa Clara County and 68% in San Mateo County. An indicator of the magnitude shows that the sale price to list price ratio averages 106.1% and 105.8% in Santa Clara County and San Mateo County, respectively.
An indicator I track closely in addition to the above ones, is the median days on market. This represents how long it takes for one-half of the listings to sell. In Santa Clara County, it is 10 days but just 9 in the Cupertino and Sunnyvale market area (hottest area in the county with a median sale price of $1,223,000) to 17 in the South County area which comprises Morgan Hill to Gilroy with a median sale price of $629,000. For the current San Mateo real estate trends, it is but 11 days.
If a listing lingers on the market significantly longer than the median, well then it is a candidate for an analysis to determine the possible cause(s) including price, condition, marketing, etc.
As the old Meat Loaf song went, "two out of three ain't bad". The last three buyers I helped recently, two strategies out of the three were successful. In the first one, with multiple offers, my advice to my buyers was to offer in a range above list price and doing so beat out the second-place offer by just $1,000 with eight offers and a sale price over $800,000. In the second transaction, the strategy devised by and used by my buyers failed. They calculated a dollars per square foot against comparable homes. For residential, this approach only works when you get lucky as in winning the lotto but I use this in addition to other aspects in my commercial transactions. Their offer came in tenth out of ten and they missed purchasing a beautiful home by over $100,000. For the third one, my buyer listened and followed my advice to offer in a range above list price and even though he didn't have the highest priced offer, the seller did accept his offer and closed recently. For this one, there was more to my strategy than just price so on that basis, he won. In the two successes, I not only gave advice on the minimum but on the maximum to pay for the home. By the way, my long-term average performance is a success rate of 60% so these last three upped my average slightly!
In the last few weeks, I've noticed a change in the market in the favor of the buyers! Many homes have generated multiple offers but not to the extent that we saw in the early part of the year. This is in keeping with the historical tendency as we near Memorial Day weekend that buyers decide they have other things to do -- e.g., graduations, weddings, anniversaries, planning for vacation when school gets out, etc. Also noted is that the inventory levels or those homes available to purchase have risen lately, affording more choices for buyers. For single family residences, the highest inventory in seven months and for condos and townhouses, the highest level in eleven months!
Notwithstanding my prior comments about the market conditions during April, buyers that have pulled back from actively looking for a home for whatever reason, now stand a much better chance of being able to buy with less competition than in the recent past. Mortgage rates still remain favorable but have nudged up a bit but still in artificially low levels as the Feds continue to purchase a mixture of U.S. Treasury and mortgage-backed securities to the tune of about $85 billion per month! Their most recent comments contain a lot of double-speak thus raising the risk of a change in their programs -- e.g., less buying and the risk of higher mortgage rates. In following the money, a lot of the funds created in the banking system have gone into asset categories like stocks and real estate (Google recently hit $900 and LinkedIn $200). This is the "new" way the government prints money.
Please leave a comment or question if there is something you'd like to hear more about or would like information about the market in your neighborhood or contact me through my website or send me an email. Thank you for reading!
Showing posts with label mortgage. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mortgage. Show all posts
Friday, May 24, 2013
Tuesday, January 17, 2012
January Silicon Valley Real Estate Market Comments
Here are my observations of the most recent December transactions for Santa Clara County real estate and San Mateo County real estate. Your comments and questions are always welcome. If you see something in your neighborhood that you are curious about or have a question, please don't hesitate to share with us. If you have questions or a comment, please leave them here, or feel free to contact me through my website.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- The amount of homes (single family and condos and townhouses) available for sale continued their downwards trend in December. The most interesting thing about this trend toward fewer homes on the market is twofold: one, this occurs every year but this time the level is at its lowest since 2005; and two, the portion of lender-controlled homes (short sale and bank-owned) has diminished. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) resembles what it was in December 2005. Many of will recall that the real estate market was super active then with almost no lender-controlled listings.
Still the case is a bifurcated market condition. Homes available for sale have a median days on market of about 70 days whereas those homes that closed escrow have a median days on market of less than 35 days. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition (bank-owned or short sale homes are mainly in this category) stay on the market far longer.
Mortgage rates remain very favorable for buyers in the range in the high 3% to low 4% area. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers to purchase. Even with lowered sales figures, escrow companies seem to be busy with loan refinance or refi activity. I've advised those buyers who purchased last year to refinance their "low" 4 3/4% loans and lock in a high-3% loan rate for the long haul.
For December, median price for single family residences, half above and half below or the middle transaction, stood at $530,000, a slight decrease from November and down about 1% from December 2010. Not too much you can make of this as the mix of homes is in constant change mode. Better to look at a smaller area or even neighborhood to get an idea of the price trends. When you do this analysis of various areas, we find prices actually increased a bit in a range of 4-8%!
Got that "love" note from your landlord or property manager yet? Rents have been impacted by demand from those who lost homes to foreclosure, new family formations and an improved employment picture in Silicon Valley. So much so that rents have increased about 12-15% from last year. Any end in sight? I don't think so as available homes to rent which has been steady in recent times will go up a bit as there are some developments of apartments going. The amount is insufficient to offset the increased demand that has and is taking place. Time for investors? That's what I've been saying for a while now.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- The amount of homes (single family and condos and townhouses) available for sale continued their downwards trend in December. The most interesting thing about this trend toward fewer homes on the market is twofold: one, this occurs every year but this time the level is at its lowest since 2005; and two, the portion of lender-controlled homes (short sale and bank-owned) has diminished. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) resembles what it was in December 2005. Many of will recall that the real estate market was super active then with almost no lender-controlled listings.
Still the case is a bifurcated market condition. Homes available for sale have a median days on market of about 70 days whereas those homes that closed escrow have a median days on market of less than 35 days. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition (bank-owned or short sale homes are mainly in this category) stay on the market far longer.
Mortgage rates remain very favorable for buyers in the range in the high 3% to low 4% area. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers to purchase. Even with lowered sales figures, escrow companies seem to be busy with loan refinance or refi activity. I've advised those buyers who purchased last year to refinance their "low" 4 3/4% loans and lock in a high-3% loan rate for the long haul.
For December, median price for single family residences, half above and half below or the middle transaction, stood at $530,000, a slight decrease from November and down about 1% from December 2010. Not too much you can make of this as the mix of homes is in constant change mode. Better to look at a smaller area or even neighborhood to get an idea of the price trends. When you do this analysis of various areas, we find prices actually increased a bit in a range of 4-8%!
Got that "love" note from your landlord or property manager yet? Rents have been impacted by demand from those who lost homes to foreclosure, new family formations and an improved employment picture in Silicon Valley. So much so that rents have increased about 12-15% from last year. Any end in sight? I don't think so as available homes to rent which has been steady in recent times will go up a bit as there are some developments of apartments going. The amount is insufficient to offset the increased demand that has and is taking place. Time for investors? That's what I've been saying for a while now.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
Monday, June 20, 2011
June Silicon Valley Real Estate Market Comments
Here are my observations of the most recent May transactions for Santa Clara County real estate and San Mateo County real estate. Your comments and questions are always welcome. If you see something in your neighborhood that you are curious about or have a question, please don't hesitate to share with us. If you have questions or a comment, please leave them here, or feel free to contact me through my website.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings increased a bit more in May than in April but continues to be less than the average May over the past ten years. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) has increased but it, too, continues to grow at a slower rate than the ten-year average.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition (bank-owned or short sale homes are mainly in this category) stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
As was the case last month, one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. This area had the lowest DUI reading in Santa Clara County of just 37 days, clearly a seller's market. Next door, Sunnyvale and Cupertino had a DUI of 50, balanced to seller's market. Some of us are calling this the "Facebook" effect. By contrast, the DUI for Los Altos Hills is 153, clearly indicating a buyer's market.
Days of unsold inventory (DUI) for Santa Clara County by price range is interesting. Overall, the DUI reading was 58. The DUI for homes priced under $450,000 was just 35 days; those priced from $450,000-600,000 was 59 days; those priced from $600,000-750,000 was 74 days; from $750,000 to $1 million was 66 days; from $1.0 million to $2.5 million was 74 days; from $2.5 million to $5.0 million jumped to 225 days and finally, those priced above $5.0 million was 1,330 days! Clearly, the higher priced homes may have to undergo more aggressive price concessions to move in this bipolar market environment.
Days of Unsold Inventory is an indicator I use to gauge whether the market is a Buyer's market, Seller's market or what we call a Balanced market. In Santa Clara County, the Buyer's market are for those areas above 90 DUI a Seller's market would have a DUI reading under 45. Balanced markets are those in between.
Reversal for Reverse Mortgages -- Wells Fargo, following Bank of America's lead a couple of months ago, announced they were leaving this market. This means that the two large banks controlling 50% of this market left! This does not bode well for the future as less competition means even higher rates and fees, something not pleasant for the consumer. Reverse mortgages were inherently high-cost items to begin with and in the past I've recommended clients being extremely careful of them. In theory reverse mortgages were good but more difficult certainly in practice.
Mortgage rates remain very favorable in the range in the high 4's. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers to purchase.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings increased a bit more in May than in April but continues to be less than the average May over the past ten years. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) has increased but it, too, continues to grow at a slower rate than the ten-year average.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition (bank-owned or short sale homes are mainly in this category) stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
As was the case last month, one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. This area had the lowest DUI reading in Santa Clara County of just 37 days, clearly a seller's market. Next door, Sunnyvale and Cupertino had a DUI of 50, balanced to seller's market. Some of us are calling this the "Facebook" effect. By contrast, the DUI for Los Altos Hills is 153, clearly indicating a buyer's market.
Days of unsold inventory (DUI) for Santa Clara County by price range is interesting. Overall, the DUI reading was 58. The DUI for homes priced under $450,000 was just 35 days; those priced from $450,000-600,000 was 59 days; those priced from $600,000-750,000 was 74 days; from $750,000 to $1 million was 66 days; from $1.0 million to $2.5 million was 74 days; from $2.5 million to $5.0 million jumped to 225 days and finally, those priced above $5.0 million was 1,330 days! Clearly, the higher priced homes may have to undergo more aggressive price concessions to move in this bipolar market environment.
Days of Unsold Inventory is an indicator I use to gauge whether the market is a Buyer's market, Seller's market or what we call a Balanced market. In Santa Clara County, the Buyer's market are for those areas above 90 DUI a Seller's market would have a DUI reading under 45. Balanced markets are those in between.
Reversal for Reverse Mortgages -- Wells Fargo, following Bank of America's lead a couple of months ago, announced they were leaving this market. This means that the two large banks controlling 50% of this market left! This does not bode well for the future as less competition means even higher rates and fees, something not pleasant for the consumer. Reverse mortgages were inherently high-cost items to begin with and in the past I've recommended clients being extremely careful of them. In theory reverse mortgages were good but more difficult certainly in practice.
Mortgage rates remain very favorable in the range in the high 4's. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers to purchase.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
Sunday, May 15, 2011
May Silicon Valley Real Estate Market Comments
Here are my observations of the most recent April transactions for Santa Clara County real estate and San Mateo County real estate. Your comments and questions are always welcome. If you see something in your neighborhood that you are curious about or have a question, please don't hesitate to share with us. If you have questions or a comment, please leave them here, or feel free to contact me through my website at www.thomasmcevoy.com .
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings increased a bit more in April than in March, indicating continued strength in the various real estate markets in Silicon Valley. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) has increased but it continues to grow at a slower rate than the average of the past ten years.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
Last month, I stated that one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. For April, this continued to occur but the market with the fewest days of unsold inventory was Sunnyvale and Cupertino. The DUI reading was only 34, clearly a Seller's market! My most recent Sunnyvale listing in the Cupertino Schools attendance area garnered about 200 people in a single weekend of open houses and sold in six days, above list price. This home listed above $1 million.
Days of unsold inventory (DUI) by price range is interesting. The DUI for homes priced under $450,000 was just 32 days; those priced from $450,000-600,000 was 56 days; those priced from $600,000-750,000 was 75 days; from $750,000 to $1 million was 67 days; from $1.0 million to $2.5 million was 73 days; from $2.5 million to $5.0 million jumped to 325 days and finally, those priced above $5.0 million was 443 days. Clearly, the higher priced homes may have to undergo more aggressive price concessions to move in this bipolar market environment.
Days of Unsold Inventory is an indicator I use to gauge whether the market is a Buyer's market, Seller's market or what we call a Balanced market. In Santa Clara County, the Buyer's market are for those areas above 90 DUI a Seller's market would have a DUI reading under 45. Balanced markets are those in between.
Mortgage rates remain in a very favorable range in the high 4's, actually decreased from last month. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers.
Since there were continued problems obtaining accurate detailed statistical information on April transactions, I thought to at least provide you some of my observations. I'm available for consultation if you are seeking marketing intelligence and strategies as you firm up your real estate plans.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings increased a bit more in April than in March, indicating continued strength in the various real estate markets in Silicon Valley. Inventory, or the number of homes available for sale (supply) has increased but it continues to grow at a slower rate than the average of the past ten years.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
Last month, I stated that one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. For April, this continued to occur but the market with the fewest days of unsold inventory was Sunnyvale and Cupertino. The DUI reading was only 34, clearly a Seller's market! My most recent Sunnyvale listing in the Cupertino Schools attendance area garnered about 200 people in a single weekend of open houses and sold in six days, above list price. This home listed above $1 million.
Days of unsold inventory (DUI) by price range is interesting. The DUI for homes priced under $450,000 was just 32 days; those priced from $450,000-600,000 was 56 days; those priced from $600,000-750,000 was 75 days; from $750,000 to $1 million was 67 days; from $1.0 million to $2.5 million was 73 days; from $2.5 million to $5.0 million jumped to 325 days and finally, those priced above $5.0 million was 443 days. Clearly, the higher priced homes may have to undergo more aggressive price concessions to move in this bipolar market environment.
Days of Unsold Inventory is an indicator I use to gauge whether the market is a Buyer's market, Seller's market or what we call a Balanced market. In Santa Clara County, the Buyer's market are for those areas above 90 DUI a Seller's market would have a DUI reading under 45. Balanced markets are those in between.
Mortgage rates remain in a very favorable range in the high 4's, actually decreased from last month. Since most buyers need a loan to purchase a home, mortgage rates are a major consideration in the decision and ability of the buyers.
Since there were continued problems obtaining accurate detailed statistical information on April transactions, I thought to at least provide you some of my observations. I'm available for consultation if you are seeking marketing intelligence and strategies as you firm up your real estate plans.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
Saturday, April 16, 2011
April Silicon Valley Real Estate Market Comments
Here are my observations of the most recent March transactions for Santa Clara County real estate and San Mateo County real estate. Your comments and questions are always welcome. If you see something in your neighborhood that you are curious about or have a question, please don't hesitate to share with us. If you have questions or a comment, please leave them here, or feel free to contact me through my website.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings turned up sharply in March, indicating much stronger markets in Silicon Valley. Additionally, the amount of homes available for sale (supply) has increased as it usually does in the last winter, early spring. However, what's different is that the rate of increase is lower than the average over the last ten years.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
Last month, I stated that one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. This continues to occur but has spilled out to include some adjacent areas. One case involves Sunnyvale, where homes in the Cupertino school attendance area are selling rather quickly with multiple offers if they are good values and in good condition. These include those with list prices above $1 million.
Mortgage rates remain in the high 4 to low 5% range. Certainly this is positive inducement for buyer's home affordability. If rates go to 5 1/2%, that would be equivalent to a 10% increase in the price in terms of affordability. Those buyers needing financing could be forced to "buy down" or not buy at all if rates should seek higher ground.
Since there were problems obtaining accurate statistical information on March transactions, I thought to at least provide you some of my observations. I'm available for consultation if you are seeking marketing intelligence and strategies as you gel your real estate plans.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
> General Market Observations and Comments -- Closings turned up sharply in March, indicating much stronger markets in Silicon Valley. Additionally, the amount of homes available for sale (supply) has increased as it usually does in the last winter, early spring. However, what's different is that the rate of increase is lower than the average over the last ten years.
Demand continues to point to single family residences (SFR) and away from condos/townhouses. My advice for buyers: if you prefer the life-style of a condo or townhouse, there are better buys possible. Yes, they have homeowner association dues that often cover additional ownership features and benefits (e.g., utilities, pool/spa, exercise rooms, and the like) but the owner doesn't have to worry about it.
As for the available homes for sale -- we're seeing a bipolar market. Homes priced well and in good condition, sell quickly and get the most activity (i.e., higher prices, quicker sale). Overpriced homes or those in poor locations or in poor condition stay on the market far longer and eventually sell with lower prices or as "fixer uppers" or "fix and flips".
Last month, I stated that one of the hot markets was the area comprising the cities of Mountain View, Los Altos and Palo Alto. This continues to occur but has spilled out to include some adjacent areas. One case involves Sunnyvale, where homes in the Cupertino school attendance area are selling rather quickly with multiple offers if they are good values and in good condition. These include those with list prices above $1 million.
Mortgage rates remain in the high 4 to low 5% range. Certainly this is positive inducement for buyer's home affordability. If rates go to 5 1/2%, that would be equivalent to a 10% increase in the price in terms of affordability. Those buyers needing financing could be forced to "buy down" or not buy at all if rates should seek higher ground.
Since there were problems obtaining accurate statistical information on March transactions, I thought to at least provide you some of my observations. I'm available for consultation if you are seeking marketing intelligence and strategies as you gel your real estate plans.
Thanks for reading my blog. I'm Tom McEvoy, Realtor with RE/MAX Santa Clara Valley -- Let me know your comments, questions, observations you may have or any future topics you'd like me to address.
Friday, September 25, 2009
Robbing the Bank to Pay Back the Bank!
Wow, a 69-yr old robs San Diego bank to pay for his 17% mortgage! The authorities should round up the loan officer, strip him of his license, place him in the clink and throw away the key! Seniors beware -- a lot of crooks are after you (us!). Work with someone you know AND trust.
Click on the link to view the source newscast but we here in Silicon Valley were not insulated from some of these crooks in the real estate and lending business who looked out for themselves and didn't place their client's best interest first and foremost. Some loan officers, many working for unscrupulous mortgage brokers, placed unsophisticated and unsuspecting borrowers into weird loans with prepayment penalties and the like to earn huge fees at the expense of the borrowers.Probably most of the borrowers that were trapped by these crooks were not seniors but I think it is even more egregious when a senior is the victim.
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